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These factors appeared to be central to Azerbaijan’s military success in regaining control of about one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh and most of the adjacent territories by the time the fighting subsided. Azerbaijan received military and political support from Turkey and had access to armed unmanned aerial vehicles purchased from Israel and Turkey. Azerbaijan is widely believed to have planned and initiated the offensive, having built up its military capacity over some years. The six weeks of armed conflict that broke out in 2020 between Armenia and Azerbaijan was the most intense period of fighting since the 1988–94 Nagorno-Karabakh War. There were 18 multilateral peace oper­ations active in Europe in 2020-the same number as in the previous year.Īrmed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan On a more promising note, a modest Kosovo–Serbia détente was mediated by the United States in September 2020. In addition, irregular migration and terrorism-linked to serious and complex security challenges in Europe’s southern neighbourhood and beyond-remained important security concerns in 2020.ĭuring the year, three further levels of complexity added to these existing tensions: (a) the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic (b) political protests in Belarus following a disputed presidential election in August 2020 and (c) increased tensions in the eastern Mediterranean that were centred on Greece and Turkey but also involved several other countries. There were also persistent tensions between Russia and large parts of the rest of Europe, over issues as diverse as cyberattacks, Ukraine, the response to Covid-19, and the poisoning of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny. Elsewhere in Europe, tensions persisted in largely inactive but unresolved conflicts in the post-Soviet space, the Western Balkans and Cyprus. Two armed conflicts were active in Europe in 2020: the interstate border conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan for control of Nagorno-Karabakh, which escalated into a high-intensity conflict during the year, and the ongoing low-intensity inter­nationalized, subnational armed conflict in Ukraine.